Boil fettuccine in well-salted water 1 minute shy of al dente. Reserve 1 cup pasta water, then drain (do not rinse).
Pat chicken strips dry; toss with Italian seasoning, garlic powder, salt, and pepper.
Sear chicken in hot olive oil over medium-high heat, 2–3 minutes per side, in two batches if needed. Transfer to a plate.
In the same skillet over medium heat, melt butter, scraping up the fond. Add garlic; stir 30–45 seconds until fragrant, not brown.
Pour in heavy cream; simmer gently 2–3 minutes until slightly thickened.
Remove skillet from heat. Stir in freshly grated parmesan a handful at a time until melted and smooth. Add nutmeg if using; loosen with pasta water if too thick.
Return chicken and fettuccine to the skillet. Toss over low heat 1–2 minutes, adding pasta water as needed, until every ribbon is coated in silky sauce.
Serve immediately in warm bowls with parsley, extra parmesan, and cracked black pepper.